The variation of torsion with vergence and elevation

Two recently developed kinematic models of human eye movements predict systematic departures from Listing's law which are associated with changes in vergence. This vergence-dependent torsion t is proportional to elevation e and vergence v, that is t = kev/2. The proposed value for k is either 1 (Van Rijn, L. J., & Van den Berg, A. V. (1993). Vision Research, 33, 691-708) or 1/2 (Minken, A. W. H., Gielen, C. C. A. M., & Van Gisbergen, J. A. M. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 93-102). One implication of both models is that an eye with a constant fixation direction should exhibit systematic torsional variation during movements of the other eye. This paper therefore examines the torsion produced by moving a fixation target inwards and outwards along the line-of-sight of the right eye at five different viewing elevations (0, +/- 15 and +/- 30 degrees). In a monocular analysis, each eye generally showed intorsion during convergence at positive elevation angles, whereas extorsion occurred at negative elevations; the opposite was true during divergence. However, the torsion response was visibly different between the five subjects, and depended on the direction of target motion. In a binocular analysis, cycloversion (mean of left and right eye torsion) varied dramatically both between subjects and between convergence and divergence; however, cyclovergence (torsional difference) was much less variable. Least-squares methods were used to estimate the constant k from monocular torsion, yielding values between 0.2 and 1.0; however, corresponding estimates based on cyclovergence were all close to 1/2. These findings support suggestions that a binocular control system couples the three-dimensional movements of the eyes, and that an existing model of monocular torsion should be generalised to the binocular case.